Stephen B. H. Kent is a chemist at the University of Chicago who developed native chemical ligation and also demonstrated the principle that mirror-image amino acids put together to form a protein create a mirror-image protein which, if an enzyme, can catalyze the mirror-image reaction.


External links

  • Kent home page Univ. of Chicago

Fingers, Inc., also known as Fingers, was a Chicago house music group consisting of producer/arranger Larry Heard (”Mr. Fingers”) and vocalists Robert Owens and Ron Wilson. The group is best known for a handful of pioneering deep house tracks released in the mid-1980s, including the singles “Mystery Of Love”, “Can You Feel It”, and “Bring Down The Walls”, all of which have appeared on numerous house music compilation albums. Some Fingers, Inc. tracks appear on albums credited to Larry Heard or Mr. Fingers. Ron Wilson is also known for his work with the Chicago house group in the mid-1980s.


External links

  • Fingers, Inc. artist page on Discogs
  • Fingers artist page on Discogs
  • Ron Wilson artist page on Discogs

The Dodge Rampage was a concept car created by DaimlerChrysler that shares a name with a previous production vehicle that was marketed in the early 1980s. The Rampage Concept was first introduced at the 2006 Chicago Auto Show. The Rampage is as large as the current production model Dodge Ram and is larger than its 1980s predecessor.

The Rampage uses a 5.7 L Hemi engine with DaimlerChrysler’s Multi-Displacement System; this same engine is used in the Dodge Ram. Like its namesake, the Rampage Concept uses front-wheel drive, unusual for a pickup truck. The design of the Rampage is very modern, but still muscular. The Rampage has double-muscle flared fenders and 22 in aluminum wheels. The Rampage (for being a truck) is very functional since it features the “Stow ‘n Go” feature that all Chrysler minivans feature; this feature is a first for any DaimlerChrysler truck. It is also the first vehicle to feature the Stow ‘n Go feature with a front passenger seat.


References

  • Info from ConceptCarz.com for the Rampage Concept
  • Dodge.com - Chicago Auto Show News: Dodge Unveils 2006 Rampage Concept Vehicle
  • Detail photos of the Rampage concept at DodgeTuners.org

Due to the lack of written information regarding the Getae-Dacians’ history, many important names related to their civilization remain either unknown or controversial. The controversy regarding the name of this king was prompted after the discovery of golden coins inscribed with the word KOSON in Greek characters. Such coins were discovered in great numbers in Transylvania and the discovery captured the attention of writers starting the 16th century. Thus, there are comments from Erasmus of Rotterdam in 1520 and Stefan Zamosius in 1593.

Coins inscribed KOSON were discovered in several large stashes in Transylvania. The first group was discovered in 1543, and contained several thousands coins and objects made of gold. It was rumored that this stash was revealed in a bolted chamber under the river Strei, identified as the river Sargetia, and also mentioned by Dio Cassius. Further research disproved this, and placed the treasure in one of the Dacian castles in the Orăştie mountains, probably in Sarmisegetusa.

The quadrigatus was a medium-sized silver coin produced by the Roman Republic during the 3rd century BC. The obverse featured a young janiform bust and the reverse featured Victory driving a quadriga, giving the coin its name, with the inscription “ROMA” below.

The coin weighed about 6.8 grams (6 scruples), consistent with a didrachma. The coin was minted from c. 241 to 235 BC until shortly before the introduction of the denarius (211 BC). Gold coins of similar style were issued at this time (staters and half-staters) which featured the same obverse type as the quadrigatus and the reverse type of two soldiers performing an oath over a third soldier holding pig, with the inscription “ROMA” below. The choice of Janus for these coins is believed to coincide with the closing of the doors of the temple of Janus, indicating the absence of warfare, a rare occasion.

The victoriatus was a later coin of the same fabric that was valued at half a quadrigatus (3 scruples).

See also: Roman currency.

Dynamic sea surface topography is the average difference between the actual surface of the Earth and a geoid. It is caused by a steady state ocean current field in the ocean which in turn is caused by climatologic winds and temperature transport in the oceans. The dynamic sea surface topography is usually derived from ship-going measurements of temperature and salinity at depth. In recent years, satellite altimetry systems have made it possible to measure sea surface topography directly.

A dictionary is minimizing if it attempts to include only a limited selection of words from a particular speech community. An example of a minimizing dictionary (also spelled minimising dictionary) is a dictionary containing the 2,000 most frequently used words in the English language, as it attempts to lemmatise (i.e. show as entry words) only a very limited number of English words using a specific principle for their selection. This is one way in which to classify dictionaries based on the number of entry words they contain and give information about, i.e. their coverage.

The distinction between a minimizing dictionary and a maximizing dictionary is also important in connection with specialized dictionaries. A law dictionary that contains 2,000 words is minimizing in that it cannot reasonably be claimed to cover more than a limited number of legal terms. This should be contrasted with a law dictionary that contains more than 20,000 entry words, which is a maximizing dictionary, as it attempts to include nearly all legal terms.


Relevant literature

  • Sandro Nielsen: “Contrastive Description of Dictionaries Covering LSP Communication”, in: Fachsprache/International Journal of LSP 3-4/1990, 129-136

Hypereutrophic lakes are very nutrient-rich lakes characterized by frequent and severe nuisance algal blooms and low transparency. Hypereutrophic lakes are the most biologically productive lakes, and support large amounts of plants, fish and other animals. Hypereutropic lakes have a visibility depth of less than 3 feet, they have greater than 40 micrograms/liter total chlorophyll and greater than 100 micrograms/liter phosphorus.

The excessive algal blooms can also significantly reduce oxygen levels and prevent life from functioning at lower depths creating dead zones beneath the surface.


See also

  • Eutrophication

The Coins of the Brunei dollar are part of the physical form of current Brunei currency, the Brunei dollar. They have changed through time along with Brunei itself. A British protectorate from 1888 until 1984, it is currently an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations.


Tin 1/2 and 1 Pitis

These are coins that were struck in AH 1285, approximately 1868.


The AH 1304 (1887) 1 Cent Coin

This coin has on the obverse a star inside a circle with an Arabic inscription outside. The reverse has 1 inside a circle with SULTANATE OF BRUNEI 1304.


1967 Coinage

The decision was taken to adopt a native Bruneian currency called the Brunei dollar (or ringgit in Malay), which is divided into 100 cents (or sen in Malay). The portrait of the then Sultan, Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin III (ruled 1950–1967) is depicted on the obverse. The coins issued were 1c, 5c, 10c, 20c, and 50c.


Coinage of 1968–77

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah acceded to the throne upon the abdication of his father in late 1967. The title of the Sultan is given as SULTAN HASSANAL BOLKIAH I. The same denominations as the 1967 coinage were retained and are still being struck. Commemorative coins of $1 through to $1,000 were struck in this period.


Coinage of 1977–83

The title of the Sultan was changed to SULTAN HASSANAL BOLKIAH. In 1977, coins were struck with I and without I in the Sultan’s title.


Coinage of 1984–92

Brunei became a fully independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations on January 1, 1984. There was no change to the Bruneian coins in this period.


Coinage since 1993

An entirely new portrait depicting the Sultan facing forward was adopted. The title of the Sultan is now given as SULTAN HAJI HASSANAL BOLKIAH.

Multi or Multi 2 diamonds is contract bridge convention whereby the opening bid of 2 shows multiple types of hands, which always includes a weak two bid in either major suit, while the additional meaning can be either a balanced hand in 18-20 high card points range, or a 20-22 three suiter. The inherent ambiguity as to both suit and strength makes it a powerful and popular convention capable of seriously disrupting the opponents’ bidding.

Although it’s technically a brown sticker convention (since no long suit is initially known), its popularity and availability of defenses persuaded World Bridge Federation to allow its usage on tournaments of lesser ratings. It is described in WBF Convention Booklet.


Description

An opening bid of 2 classically shows one of four types :

  1. Weak two in a major suit (6-11 HCP)
  2. A strong balanced hand of a defined range
  3. Strong three-suited hand
  4. An ACOL 2 type ; typically in a minor

Often the convention is played with only one of the strong options being present, ie a three-way bid. As long as at least one strong option is present, the multi 2 opening is a forcing bid. More recently a trend has been seen to play a “hearts only multi” in which the weak 2 option is always hearts. “Spades only multi” also presumably exists. The first response assumes that opener has a weak two in a major.

  • 2: Pass or correct;
  • 2: Pass or correct to 3 implies interest in game if the opener has hearts;
  • 2NT: Forcing, asking opener to clarify his hand.

Opener’s rebids:

  • With type (1):

    • Over 2: pass or bid 2;
    • Over 2: with hearts, bid 3, pass with spades;
    • Over 2NT several schemes exist for answering:
      • Scheme 1:

        • bid 3♣ to show hearts, upper range or type 4 with clubs;
        • 3 to show spades, upper range or type 4 with diamonds;
        • 3 or 3 with lower range.
      • Scheme 2, first variant (not playable if type 4 hands are possible):
        • bid 3 to show hearts, lower range;
        • bid 3 to show spades, lower range;
        • bid 3 or 3 with upper range.
      • Scheme 3, second variant:
        • bid 3 or 3 as in first variant;
        • bid 3 to show spades, upper range;
        • bid 3 to show hearts, upper range.
      • Scheme 4 (PLauken), second variant:
        • bid 3 to show upper range, unknown suit;
        • bid 3 to show hearts, lower range;
        • bid 3 to show spades, lower range.
  • With type (2):
    • rebid in notrumps at minimum level
  • Other rebids show type (3) and should be specified on the Convention card.


Defences


References

  • WBF Convention Booklet


External links

  • http://homepage.mac.com/bridgeguys/Conventions/MultiTwoDiamonds.html
  • http://homepage.mac.com/bridgeguys//Conventions/DefenseMulti2Diamonds.html

In mathematics, a unimodular lattice is a lattice of discriminant 1 or −1.
The E8 lattice and the Leech lattice are two famous examples.


Definitions

  • A lattice is a free abelian group of finite rank with an integral symmetric bilinear form (·,·).
  • A lattice is even if (a, a) is always even.
  • The dimension of a lattice is the same as its rank (as a Z-module).
  • A lattice is positive definite if (a, a) is always positive for non-zero a.
  • The discriminant of a lattice is the determinant of the matrix with entries (ai, aj), where the elements ai form a basis for the lattice.
  • A lattice is unimodular if its discriminant is 1 or −1.
  • Lattices are often embedded in a real vector space with a symmetric bilinear form. The lattice is positive definite, Lorentzian, and so on if its vector space is.
  • The signature of a lattice is the signature of the form on the vector space.


Examples

The three most important examples of unimodular lattices are:

  • The lattice Z, in one dimension.
  • The E8 lattice, an even 8 dimensional lattice,
  • The Leech lattice, the 24 dimensional even unimodular lattice with no roots.


Classification

For indefinite lattices, the classification is easy to describe.
Write Rm,n for the m+n dimensional vector space
Rm+n with the inner product of
(a1,…,am+n) and (b1,…,bm+n) given by

a1b1+…+ambmam+1bm+1 − … − am+nbm+n.

In Rm,n there is one odd unimodular lattice up to isomorphism,
denoted by

Im,n,

which is given by all vectors (a1,…,am+n)
in Rm,n with all the ai integers.

There are no even unimodular lattices unless

mn is divisible by 8,

in which case there is a unique example up to isomorphism, denoted by

IIm,n.

This is given by all vectors (a1,…,am+n)
in Rm,n such that either all the ai are integers or they are all integers
plus 1/2, and their sum is even.
The lattice II8,0 is the same as the E8 lattice.

Positive definite unimodular lattices have been classified up to dimension 25. There is a unique example In,0 in each dimension n
less than 8, and two examples (I8,0 and II8,0) in dimension 8. The number of lattices increases moderately up to dimension 25 (where there
are 665 of them), but beyond dimension 25 the Smith-Minkowski-Siegel mass formula implies that the number increases very rapidly with the dimension; for example, there are more than 80,000,000,000,000,000 in dimension 32.

In some sense unimodular lattices up to dimension 9 are controlled by
E8, and up to dimension 25 they are controlled by the
Leech lattice, and this accounts for their unusually good behavior
in these dimensions. For example, the Dynkin diagram of the norm
2 vectors of unimodular lattices in dimension up to 25 can be naturally
identified with a configuration of vectors in the Leech lattice. The wild increase in numbers beyond 25 dimensions might be attributed to the fact that these lattices are no longer controlled by
the Leech lattice.

Even positive definite unimodular lattice exist only in dimensions divisible by 8.
There is one in dimension 8 (the E8 lattice), two in dimension
16 (E82 and II16,0),
and 24 in dimension 24, called the Niemeier lattices (examples:
the Leech lattice, II24,0, II16,0+II8,0, II8,03). Beyond 24 dimensions the number increases very rapidly;
in 32 dimensions there are more than a billion of them.

Unimodular lattices with no roots (vectors of norm 1 or 2) have been classified up to dimension 28.
There are none of dimension less than 23 (other than the zero lattice!).
There is one in dimension 23 (called the short Leech lattice), two in dimension
24 (the Leech lattice and the odd Leech lattice), and 0, 1, 3, 38 in dimensions
25, 26, 27, 28. Beyond this the number increases very rapidly; there are at least 8000
in dimension 29. In sufficiently high dimensions most unimodular lattices have no roots.

The only non-zero example of even positive definite unimodular lattices with no
roots in dimension less than 32 is the Leech lattice in dimension 24.
In dimension 32 there are more than ten million examples, and above dimension 32 the number increases very rapidly.

The following table gives the numbers of (or lower bounds for) even or odd unimodular lattices
in various dimensions, and shows the very rapid growth starting shortly after dimension 24.

Dimension Odd lattices Odd lattices
no roots
Even lattices Even lattices
no roots
0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0
2 1 0
3 1 0
4 1 0
5 1 0
6 1 0
7 1 0
8 1 0 1 (E8) 0
9 2 0
10 2 0
11 2 0
12 3 0
13 3 0
14 4 0
15 5 0
16 6 0 2 0
17 9 0
18 13 0
19 16 0
20 28 0
21 40 0
22 68 0
23 117 1
24 273 1 24 (Niemeier) 1 (Leech)
25 665 0
26 ≥2307 1
27 ≥14179 3
28 ≥327972 38
29 ≥37938009 ≥8900
30 ≥20169641025 ≥82000000
31 ≥5000000000000</sup> ≥800000000000</sup>
32 ≥80000000000000000</sup> ≥10000000000000000</sup> ≥1160000000 ≥10900000

Beyond 32 dimensions, the numbers increase even more rapidly.


Properties

The theta function of an even unimodular positive definite lattice of dimension n is a level 1 modular form of weight n/2.
If the lattice is odd the theta function has level 4.


Applications

The second cohomology group of a compact simply connected oriented topological 4-manifold
is a unimodular lattice. Michael Freedman showed
that this lattice almost determines the manifold: there is a unique such manifold for each
even unimodular lattice, and exactly two for each odd unimodular lattice.
In particular if we take the lattice to be 0, this implies the Poincaré conjecture
for 4 dimensional topological manifolds.
Donaldson’s theorem states that if the manifold is smooth and the lattice is positive definite,
then it must be a sum of copies of Z, so most of these manifolds have no smooth structure.


References

  • Conway and Sloane, Sphere packings, lattices, and groups, ISBN 0-387-98585-9
  • Milnor and Husemoller, Symmetric bilinear forms ISBN 0-387-06009-X
  • J-P. Serre, A course in Arithmetic, ISBN 0-387-90040-3
  • Sloane’s catalogue of unimodular lattices.
  • Number of unimodular lattices of given dimension
  • A mass formula for unimodular lattices with no roots Oliver King Mathematics of Computation, vol. 72, no. 242 (2003), 839-863.

KQCH || flipped about

KQCH is the callsign for the Omaha, Nebraska-based Top 40 FM radio station “Channel 94.1″. It is maintained by the local, employee-owned corporation Journal Broadcast Group.


History

KQCH’s origins began in 1999, when it flipped from Adult Contemporary to Rhythmic Contemporary as “Channel 97.7.” The station would become a success story in its three years on that signal and became a serious challenger to Top 40 Mainstream KQKQ, who had the Top 40 scene all to themselves during the 1980s and 1990s.

The 94.1 frequency was best known to Country music fans in Omaha as WOW-FM during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. But that all changed in 2000 when it became KSSO “Kiss Country,” which prompted a cease & desist letter from Clear Channel Communications. After that fiasco they modified it by rebranding it KMXM “Max Country” in 2001.

After their attempts to save the format, Journal decided that the signal would be better used by replacing the format with one of its current stations. That station would be KQCH. In 2002 they moved from 97.7 to 94.1 and was relaunched as “Channel 94.1.” They would continue in its Rhythmic direction until 2004, when it shifted to a Mainstream direction after KQKQ flipped to Adult Top 40.


External link

  • Channel 94.1’s website
  • Sunday Night Shrink Rap with Dr. Jim Website

A Bipolar Violation, or BPV, is an error in the transmission of a T1 signal where two pulses of the same polarity occur without an intervening pulse of the opposite polarity.

T1 signals are transmitted using a scheme called Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), where a ONE is represented by a pulse, and a ZERO is represented by no pulse. Pulses-which represent ones-always alternate in polarity, so that if, for example two positive pulses are received in succession, the receiver knows that one or more bits were either added or deleted from the original signal.

B8ZS coding is a scheme used in addition to AMI, which allows longer strings of consecutive zeroes to be transmitted.

An upholstery hammer (also called a tack hammer) is a lightweight hammer used for securing upholstery fabric to furniture frames using tacks.

Usually, one face of the hammer is magnetized to aid in placement of tacks. Once started, the tacks are driven with the other face. To apply tacks rapidly an upholsterer will hold tacks in the mouth and spit them onto the magnetized face of the hammer.

Staple guns have largely replaced tacking as an upholstery technique.

The Flying Eagle cent is a United States coin that was minted from 1857 to 1858. The coin was designed by James B. Longacre. The Flying Eagle was the first small-sized cent coin minted in the US, replacing the earlier large cent. The obverse of the coin depicts an eagle in flight, a unique subject for the obverse of American coins. The reverse of the coin has the words ONE CENT surrounded by a wreath, similar to the reverse on the later Indian Head cent. The United States Mint in Philadelphia struck between 1000 and 2000 Flying Eagle cents in 1856 as pattern pieces, a way to show influential Congressmen and Senators what these coins would look like. These 1856 Flying Eagle Cents were supposed to have been returned to the Mint and destroyed as they had not been intended for release to the public, but some managed to escape destruction. The 1856 coins are quite rare and valuable. In 1858, there was a “large letter” and “small letter” variety produced, with different punches used to letter “United States of America” on two sets of dies. An easy way to tell the difference between large-letter and small-letter varieties is to look at the word ‘America’. In the large letter variety, the letters A and M are joined, whereas in the small letter they are not.

Both the Flying Eagle Cent and Indian Head cents minted from 1859 to 1864 were struck in an alloy of 88% copper and 12% nickel, giving the coins a much whiter sheen than contemporary one-cent pieces. The nickel five-cent coin would not begin production until 1866, and so these nickel-alloy one-cent pieces were slangily known as “nickels”.

The early demise of the series was the result of two things. First of all, two high points of the coin were in the same area on each side of the coin, so that when they were struck, it caused a weakness in strike on those points. The second thing was that Longacre could not carve out the dies properly, as he was mostly a painter, not a sculptor.


See also

  • 1943 steel cent
  • Wheat cent


External links

  • Flying Eagle Cent Pictures

The Orbison illusion is an optical illusion that was first described by the psychologist William Orbison in 1939. The bounding rectangle and inner square both appear distorted in the presence of the radiating lines. The background gives us the impression there is some sort of perspective. As a
result, our brain sees the shape distorted. This is a variant of the Hering and Wundt illusions.


External link

  • Orbison Illusion

Helioscope || viewing one

A helioscope is an instrument for observing the sun.

The helioscope was used by Benedetto Castelli (1578-1643) and refined by Galileo (1564–1642). The method was to project an image with a telescope pointed at the sun onto a white sheet of paper suspended inside a darkened room.
[1]

The first purpose built heliotropii telioscopici or helioscope was designed by Christoph Scheiner (1575 –1650) to assist his sunspot observations.


Dictionary definitions

  • helioscopic, a. helioscopy, n. Helioscope is a compound word combining helio from the Greek hēlios meaning sun, and scope, an instrument for observing or detecting, from the Greek skopein meaning to look at. (Collins English Dictionary).
  • An instrument for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes, as through colored glasses, or with mirrors which reflect but a small portion of light, but mainly by projecting the sun’s image onto a viewing screen. (The Free Dictionary)


Warning

Under no circumstances should a telescope, binoculars, magnifying glass, or any other such magnifying instrument be used to observe the sun directly. This can result in instant blindness.

Back to the Web is the eighth album by indie rock band Elf Power. It was released on Rykodisc in April of 2006.


Track listing

  1. “Come Lie Down With Me (And Sing My Song)” – 2:17
  2. “An Old Familiar Scene” – 4:13
  3. “Rolling Black Water” – 2:32
  4. “King of Earth” – 3:03
  5. “Peel Back the Moon, Beware!” – 3:34
  6. “23rd Dream” – 2:08
  7. “Somewhere Down the River” – 4:11
  8. “The Spider and the Fly” – 3:17
  9. “Forming” 1:47
  10. “All the World Is Waiting” – 3:04
  11. “Under the Northern Sky” – 1:32
  12. “Back to the Web” – 3:33

The Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (or NGC) is a provider of third-party coin grading services to numismatists. The company was founded in 1987 and is headquartered in Sarasota, Florida. It is the official grading service of the American Numismatic Association.

Coin grading is a fee-based service in which a coin or medal is sent to an independent company to render an opinion on its authenticity and condition. Graded coins are then encapsulated in a plastic holder or, colloquially, a “slab.” A label insert identifies the coin and provides a grade on the 70-point Sheldon coin grading scale. Coins that are not genuine or have been altered in some way are not graded.

It is standard in U.S. numismatics to grade coins on a point-scale from 1 (poor) to 70 (perfect).


External links

  • Numismatic Guaranty Corporation’s Web Page

A Chinese finger trap (also known as Chinese finger prison, Chinese finger cuffs, Chinese finger puzzle, Chinese handcuffs, and Mexican handcuffs) is a gag toy used to play a practical joke on children and unsuspecting adults. The finger trap is a simple puzzle that traps the victim’s fingers (often the index fingers) in both ends of a small, woven bamboo cylinder. The initial reaction of the victim is to remove the fingers outward, but this only tightens the trap more.

The solution to escaping the trap is to push the ends inward toward the middle, which enlarges the openings and frees the fingers, before slowly twisting them out of the trap so as not to trigger the tightening reflex again. A second form of escape is to push one’s fingers together and then grab the ends of the trap with one’s middle fingers and thumbs. The fingers can then easily be pulled out.

There is nothing special about the bamboo material. The tightening is simply normal reactions of braids, usually the common biaxial braid. By pulling the braid, you are attempting to lengthen it. The material to lengthen is ’stolen’ from material formerly used to keep it wide. Total surface area remains constant, so the more you pull the more the diameter shrinks (i.e. the trap tightens). The same effect is used in specialized textile manufacturing, and even by fly-fishers [1].

Chinese finger traps are not intended for use as restraint devices. Strong victims of the prank may break it when they pull outwards, attempting to free their fingers and stretching the trap beyond its limits. Any particular finger trap will eventually break due to repeated use.

The Chinese finger trap is also a commonly-used metaphor for overcoming a problem by not trying too hard to solve it.


Chinese finger traps in fiction

  • In Mulan II, Prince Jeeki, the ruler’s oldest son was seen playing with a Chinese finger trap.
  • In the first season episode “Confucius Say… Way Too Much” from Time Squad, Confucius punished Tuddrussel by trapping his index fingers in a Chinese finger trap for beating up Confucius in which Confucius described Tuddrussel as a bully.
  • In the Star Trek: The Next Generation Episode “The Last Outpost”, Lt. Commander Data falls prey to a Chinese finger trap while briefing Captain Picard and company in the observation lounge. Picard easily frees Data’s fingers while Commander Riker and Lieutenant LaForge chuckle at the android’s silly predicament.
  • In Chasing Amy, Alyssa Jones was given the nickname “Fingercuffs” because of a rumoured sexual escapade in which two boys were said to have entered her simultaneously from opposite ends of her body, emulating a Chinese finger trap.


See also

  • Joy Buzzer
  • Whoopee cushion
  • Snake Nut Can
  • Chewing Gum Bug
  • Fake vomit

The semis (literally meaning half) was small Roman bronze coin that was valued at half an as. During the Roman Republic, the semis was distinguished by an ‘S’ (indicating semis) or 6 dots (indicating a theoretical weight of 6 unciae). The coin featured a bust of Saturn on the obverse, and the prow of a ship on the reverse.

Initially a cast coin, like the rest of Roman Republican bronzes, it began to be struck from shortly before the Second Punic War (218-204 BC). The coin was issued infrequently during the Roman Empire, and ceased to be issued by the time of Hadrian (117-138 AD).


See also

  • Roman currency


External links

The neugroschen is a coin that was introduced in 1841 in Saxony. It was equivalent to the Prussian silbergroschen but was divided into 10 pfennig, not 12 as in Prussia.


See also

  • Grosch
  • Silbergroschen
  • Groschen

The Christians was The Christians’ 1987 debut album and contained their first five UK hit singles.


Track listing

  1. “Forgotten Town”
  2. “When The Fingers point”
  3. “Born Again”
  4. “Ideal World”
  5. “Save A Soul In Every Town”
  6. “… And That’s Why”
  7. “Hooverville”
  8. “One In A Million”
  9. “Sad Songs”
  10. “Forgotten Town (12 in Dub Version)”
  11. “When The Fingers point (12 in Remix)”
  12. “Why Waltz”
Wikipedia does not currently have an encyclopedia article for ‘.

You may like to search Wiktionary for “[[Wiktionary:Special:Search/|]]” instead.

To begin an article here, feel free to [ edit this page], but please do not create a mere dictionary definition.

The Isle of Man, a British protectorate, mints the Noble, a platinum bullion coin. Nobles are legal tender, but do not have a value associated with any currency (like the gold Krugerrand does).

The value of a Noble is equal to the platinum content of the coin.


External links